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Understanding Games (by proxy)

Finally got around to reading Scott McCloud's Understanding Comics, and surprise, surprise - it's no surprise why so many people in the game industry talk about this book.

I was a pretty big comic book geek in my youth, but the eighties and the nineties were a long, dark time for popular commercial comics, and frankly, I just gave up. Obviously, I could have switched to some of the indie books that were starting to rise up in that era, but Marvel and DC had their hooks in me pretty deep and to me at the time, those other books just looked like cheap knock-offs of the 'good stuff'.

I know now that I was way off base, but likely I won't ever go back to comics.

In any case, I'm very glad to have picked this up. It's an excellent overview of the medium of comics/sequential art, and it's full of interesting insight into how comics actually operate and how audiences engage them.

In particular I was fascinated with his analysis of time in sequential art. The way panels can be broken up to separate time, or the way a continuous time can be contained in a single panel. It made me revisit some thoughts I had had last year when thinking about the odd way that time functions in games. Time in games is a really bizarre concept that could probably fill a book itself - though it might not be terribly practical.

I also liked his overview of the six stages he identifies for the 'artist's journey'. It certainly helped me understand some of the issues I am having as I transition from being a very hands-on designer and content creator to being a Creative Director who has to work at a higher level. It's a tough transition that I've talked to a number of colleagues about. Everyone who makes that leap is going to wrestle with it. This section of McCloud's book really gave me some insights and in many ways put some of my concerns to rest.

I did think the chapter on color was unnecessary though. Simply because almost the entire rest of the book is devoted to a formal discussion of things that are universal to comics, and color is clearly not one of those things. Obviously it's important to many comics, and it gives the artist a powerful additional tool to use, but it's still not universal. Nonetheless, he kept the chapter brief and to-the-point so it didn't wreck the experience or anything.

Another thing I really loved - and that I think is perhaps the most relevant to the game industry - is his notion of 'Amplification through Simplification'. Basically stated, that's the notion that the more iconic or 'cartoonish' a representation, the more general its domain of applicability. A photographic representation can be one person, an accurate drawing can represent a few. A sketch could represent many, and ultimately a simple line doodle can effectively represent anyone. The more simplified the rendering, the more universal. There is power in this notion clearly. In games - where we often work so hard to simulate things perfectly and accurately, this notion is something we need to be more familiar with, because we use it all the time.

Pong was a systemic simplification of the rules of a number of racket-based sports. Thirty-four years later, Rockstar Table Tennis has complexified the rules considerably. Now it cannot represent tennis, squash, 1 vs 1 volleyball, or any other racket-based sport... it represents ping pong. Period.

Imagine if Pong had been called 'Argument'. And instead of squares for paddles, they were shaped like faces in profile. Imagine if instead of a moving square, the 'ball' was a comic-style speech bubble with the word 'Yes' written in it when one player returned it, and the word 'No' written in it when another player returned it. No rule changes. The words 'Yes' and 'No' would be bouncing back and forth from the mouths, occasionally slipping by and not being responded to. It's clear, then, that this simplification of systems represented by Pong could have been about any number of things aside from a racket-based sport. The rules were simple enough that they could in fact represent a huge range of things. If Pong had been called 'Argument', what would its successor look like 34 years later?

Look at the procedural dynamic gang-war system in GTA:SA. Its rules are incredibly simple. About as complex as a game like Reversi, Connect Four or Dice Wars (here). But in GTA:SA it's called a 'Gangwar'. What will its successor look like in 34 years? Or 10? Or in 17 months? The simplification of the rule system can be painted up as anything. Th designers choice of what to call that system and how to dress it up gives it a flavor. The more robustly we simulate it, the more precisely it will represent the thing it claims to be. By enriching that representation - by complexifying it - the designer has 2 choices, really. He can decide to simply simulate it as accurately as possible, or he can make choices about the structure of the rules and create a gang war (for example) that tells us something meaningful about gang wars through his choice of systems. Anyway - this is a huge topic, and I'm sure I'll formalize my thoughts on it in much greater detail soon.

Back to the book - clearly a number of the statements McCloud makes about the importance of his medium, and about its role in culture and the arts in general are eerily close to thoughts that many of us have about games. It's a tough time for our industry with all the political attention we're getting. Many of us feel disempowered and see that our right - and in fact in many cases - our obligation to be creative and expressive in our medium is very much in jeopardy. I wish the game industry had a book like this, and I doubly wish the meddling, middling democrats who are functionally illiterate in the medium of 'expressive systems' would read such a book. They wouldn't though. I'm starting to get the impression that they don't really give a shit about whether games are potentially harmful, they just want to create and then feed off of a hysteria in order to pull a few fence sitters over to the Blue team before the next US election. Maybe the game industry gets to be a sacrifice, tossed on the bonfire of democracy. Maybe in the current social, economic and political climate, freedom of expression is less important than disagreeing with the other guy over something - anything - in order to get elected.

A psychopath, a fascist, a rapist and God walk into a bar...

Last week some of us were chatting at work and Alan Moore's Watchmen came up in conversation. I realized then that although I had read it several times, I had never owned my own copy. Five years ago, while packing my stuff to move from Vancouver to Montreal, I realized that the copy on my shelf actually belonged to a friend of mine - so I nobly returned it. Our little water-cooler chat got me wanting to read it again, so I stumbled out looking for a comic store and picked up the latest trade-paperback reprint.

I'm sure most everyone who would end up at this site has read Watchmen, so I won't worry about spoiling anything here. If you haven't read it, get off your as and do so... it's fucking spectacular.

There are a number of things that strike me about this story... not the least of which is that it bears many, many re-readings and that the characters become deeper and more compelling every time. I remember the first time I read it being extremely engaged by the Comedian, and the way the entire story is about his discovery of the Greatest Practical Joke Ever Imagined. I remember being floored by the elegant unveiling of that joke and how strongly I identified with him in the few glimpses we catch of his final moments. Here is a man who has made his trade in being in the world's biggest cynic. His cynicism is so powerful that it makes him superhuman... he's a rapist, a murderer, an assassin, and yet he is so totally amoral and nihilistic that these horrors he commits are water off a ducks back.

On later readings, I found more and more depth in Veidt/Ozymandias, who has come up with a super-villain plan to kill millions, but in fact he is not a super-villain at all. He might be a sociopathic fascist, and he kills millions of people in a truly disturbing and horrifying move, but the underlying certitude behind his logic is almost a priori infallible. The perfection of his rational approach reminds me of Kurzweil - though I can't imagine wearing Ray Kurwzeil perfume or playing with a Ray K action figure.

When the true nature of Doc Manhattan is revealed in Chapter 4, it almost makes you feel bad for God. Doc M is omnipotent in the real sense of the word, yet at the same time he is rendered utterly impotent in the face of determinism. Although probably the least compelling character due to his completely inhuman nature, the way Moore tracks his origin back to a fat man stepping on a watch at Coney Island and the subsequent inevitability of the events that follow is haunting. Moore is in dangerous territory in the scene where Laurie accidentally draws him to the realization that human individuality is essentially a thermodynamic miracle, but he pulls off a little literary slight of hand, and Gibbon's wonderful pull-back on two nested Martian craters distracts you for the blink of an eye needed to pull the rabbit out of the hat. I would say this is probably the only part of the book that gets weaker on re-reading.

And Rorschach. Wow. Now here is probably the single most deeply realized character in comic history. He's cryptic yet comprehensible, paranoid yet rational, psychotic yet controlled. Of the three 'main players', Rorschach, Veidt and Doc Manhattan, it is Rorschach who is the most human (I consider Dan and Laurie to be supporting players). Veidt never has a human moment in the story proper (though I think we are meant to feel one in his back-story). Doc Manhattan's human moment with Laurie (mentioned above) doesn't quite click. But Rorschach's human moment - when he calls his landlady a whore in front of her children and realizes (without even any words devoted to it) that he has allowed his cruelty to touch an undeserving innocent - this is the moment where he explodes off the page and becomes a fully realized, living and breathing character. His disintegration by Doc Manhattan at the end is is not only the end of the story, it is the ultimate punchline the Comedian foresaw, it is the inevitability of determinism as Rorschach's refusal to compromise collides with Veidt's a priori solution to the world's problems.

In a sense, all of Watchmen's main players - Doc M, Veidt, Rorschach and the Comedian have rejected or lost their humanity. It is only Rorschach who manages to recover his - if only for an instant near the end, and perhaps in his final act. And yet alongside these modern gods is a supporting cast of truly you-and-me people. Dan with his bumbling attraction to Laurie, his nostalgic drop-in visits with Hollis, his mid-life crisis and his regained virility. Laurie - who is just hopelessly over her head in dating a guy who can't merely see the future, but for who past, present and future has no meaning. She rejects her mother and at the same time is compelled to follow the path her mother has chosen for her. The bumbling Doctor Huxtable-esque shrink whose happy brown-stone and tweed existence is shattered by the bullet that is Rorschach's psyche, the dim-witted and ignorant news-vendor, the lesbian trying to live up to her new girlfriend's expectations, the meek Moloch who just wants to die and fade away, the two cops who half-heartedly sniff their way around the edges of the crime that sets the story in motion yet resist looking for an actual solution - all of these people enrich the world, and as their individual stories collide at the climax we feel the cost the Veidt's master plan and wonder if it could possibly be worth it.

Of course, Watchmen was written back in '86 when the standing vision of war meant casualties counted in megadeaths. Our world is not that world anymore. It wasn't a giant psychic tentacle monster from another dimension that appeared in the middle of New York that changed the world forever. It was something much more mundane and the numbers were orders of magnitude lower.

The thing that moved me the most about Watchmen this time was the comic-within-the-comic - the story of the stranded sailor who fights his way across the sea to save his family from the dread marauding pirates that sank his ship, massacred his crew and left him for dead. It is a cautionary tale of a man who becomes the enemy he has set out to defeat. It tells us that there exist paths through life that lead us to damnation even though each individual step itself can be called moral and just. In 1986 it read as an allegory on the balance of power, and the possibility that mutually assured destruction might be inevitable even with rational people making perfect decisions at every junction. Thankfully that turned out to not be true.

Twenty years later, the 2006 reading of the same story is a little different. It reminds us of Nietzsche's axiom that he who fights monsters becomes a monster. It makes us compare the reflex death-sting of a giant extra-dimensional psychic tentacle monster to the response of the world's only hyper-power to being stung itself. It reminds us there are no heroes and no villains - only those who have retained their humanity, and those who have lost it, and it reminds us that there is no objective reference point that will help you know which side of that line you are on until it's too late. We may set out to save the world from chaotic-evil pirates, but the cost of succeeding might be more than we're willing to pay. In attacking New York, Ozymandias might have locked us into an unrecoverable spiral whose outcome is the a priori guaranteed failure of everything we believe in.

Moore opens Chapter 11 with a quote from Shelley's Ozymandias, which may be the single greatest poem of the Romantic era; 'My name is Ozymandias, king of kings: Look on my works, ye mighty, and despair.' But Moore leaves out the next line - which is where the poem gets all it's power - 'Nothing beside remains. Round the decay / Of that colossal wreck, boundless and bare / The lone and level sands stretch far away.'. It is a poem about the absurdity of human pride, arrogance and hubris. So let's just hope we're facing Shelley's Ozymandias, and not Moore's.

Zero Sum Zanshin and the Tao of Low Strong

So I haven't posted in about a week because my free time has been pretty much obliverated, but I had to get on here and post my thoughts on David Sirlin's book Becoming the Champion.

This is not a book I would have picked up on my own, and the only reason I read it was that the author handed me a copy after my GDC presentation. In the end, I'm really glad he did, because I found the book extremely interesting and engaging, and so hopefully by throwing up a post about it here, I'll drive a few folks like me, who would not have otherwise considered it, to give it a read.

The book is an analysis of competitive gaming and a kind of philosophical handbook to understanding the challenges of becoming a competitive gamer. A good chunk of the book is a re-examination of Sun Tsu's Art of War as it applies in the context of competitive games. Weird, I know, but it works.

I have read the Art of War and have always had some problems with analyses of it that try to make it applicable to endeavours other than war-fighting. I find that such attempts often simply turn something highly literal into something pointlessly abstract and metaphorical. Because Sirlin is writing literally about (simulated) fighting, his adaptation of the original work holds up much better.

In particular, I appreciated the fact that he was able to maintain his analysis through his chapter 'Attacking with Fire', which is (in other analyses I have read) a troublesome chapter to extend into other spaces. It's clear in Master Tsu's original work that he's not talking about attacking with fire metaphorically - he's talking about torching fields and forests to cut off escape routes so you can massacre your enemy without dividing your forces. Deliteralizing this principle and trying to apply it to diversifying a junk-bond portfolio always seemed like a bad idea. Sirlin smartly confines the scope of his chapter and doesn't overextend himself. His chapter on attacking with fire is only a page and a half long. He talks about the use of fireballs and ranged attacks in Street Fighter as a way to create a pin and then attack from a different direction - the time required for the fireball to cross the screen means the attacking fighter and the fireball can arrive on the enemy at the same time - enabling an attack from two directions at once. He also points out that pins and forks in chess are essentially the same thing (though they are slightly different mechanically because in chess they must operate in a turn-based play-space).

Another cool part of the book is his comparison of play-styles of famous chess masters and (admittedly less) famous competitive Street Fighter players. I don't know enough about the history of chess, and I know almost nothing about the history of competitive Street Fighter, but even I have heard of Capablanca. Sirlin illustrates that there are certain styles of play that cross game-specific boundaries, and points out that in any community that surrounds any game you will find some of the same types of people. His point - I think - is that by studying other kinds of competitive gaming he was able to develop a more robust perspective on the competitive sphere surrounding his own game, which maybe he could not have seen from the inside. He was able to identify and categorize his competition and develop a deeper understanding of the psychology of different players. He was also able to identify and categorize his own strange play-style and use his new found understanding of himself to improve his game (and to migrate toward a more robust play-style).

In some sense, it is his 'warriors approach' to understanding competitive gaming that makes the book so interesting and makes Sirlin himself a compelling author/character. Sirlin appears to be as dedicated to his 'war art' as any real warrior. He studies the art itself, and practices constantly, but acknowledges also that a hundred thousand matches is not going to make you a master without also studying related arts, without studying the relevant history, without adopting the necessary competitive mind-set, without putting yourself in real situations that test your capabilities.

What I think is most interesting though is that Sirlin gave me his book right after my presentation on designing to promote intentional play. I some sense I was directly attacking the notion of competitive play which Sirlin seems to think requires (what I called) 'seeing the Matrix in the Matrix'. He talks about competitive players who 'know the algorithm' and about the quest to find the optimal peaks in the game-space described by the mechanics of the game as part of the job of the competitive gamer. People playing games like this is not something I particularly want, or at least something I would discourage. So part of me wonders if Sirlin gave me his book to say 'dude - wake up - games are about the quest to understand mechanics'. On the other hand, maybe he felt there was some underlying similarity between what I was saying and his own philosophy.

In some sense, there is a pretty clear case to be made that Street Fighter has brought more to Sirlin's life than any of my games brought to anyone else's life (to my knowledge) - so who am I to say we should design our games to appeal to these people here, but not those people there? This isn't to say I'm going to start designing games to be more suited toward competitive tournament play - merely to say that I need to be careful not to invalidate or fail to recognize that there are many, many ways to enjoy a game and that any of those ways is potentially equally valid.

Puttin the 'Ray' back in 'raygun'

So I finished reading Ray Kurzweil's latest book, The Singularity is Near and I have to say it is mighty weird.

The concept of the Singularity is simply that all human technology, culture and even biology is essentially converging more or less at a rate dictated by Moore's Law, and will eventually (within the next 200 years in fact) turn us all into a giant happy cloud of benevolent nanites with a shared consciousness gobbling up the universe at probably faster than the speed of light to transform all extant energy and matter into a giant universal computer. Wicked!

He pins his thesis principally to the convergence of three key technologies, which he calls GNR (Genetics, Nanotechnology and Robotics - with robotics referring not to this, but instead to Strong AI).

Basically, the rate at which this stuff is accelerating, and the accelerating rate of that acceleration, means that within 30-40 years we should all be sort of functionally immortal. Our brains will be so infused with nanites, and we will be so intimately connected to our information technology that death would really be more akin to a Windows crash with an open document (though hopefully somewhat less frequent). We might lose a few moments of our experience should something catastrophic happen, but our pattern will remain due to the ease and necessity of having a more sparsely distributed self.

As a side note, this perspective starts solving some nasty existentialist philosophical questions. I remember wrestling with the teleportation problem in a college Philosophy class - if a teleporter can replicate you perfectly at the other end would you mind being disintegrated on this end to solve the problem of having two of you? I would mind that. But on thinking about Ray's vision of the complete future that would necessarily surround the required technology, the problem becomes less troubling. In a world where such teleportation was commonplace, I would likely consider whatever physical embodiment I was using at the time to be a mere copy of something. Again, like a word document, I really wouldn't care about one printed version of it. We currently live in a world where we only have one hard copy of ourselves, and the idea of having it destroyed is anathema to us. But in a world where the existence of our patterns is tied into some worldwide source control and versioning system... fuck it... who cares what happens to your body.

Now Ray is in his fifties, and in a sort of desperate bid to make sure he makes it to the critical date of feasible immortality, he is locked in a moment to moment battle with death. The guy admits to taking over 250 supplements a day, and even regularly cleansing his own blood. The results he reports are admittedly impressive, and if he's right then his odds of surviving to the stage where immortality is feasible are good. If he's wrong though, it's kind of ghoulish and creepy. His unsettling fear of death (which he would likely claim is not fear - but merely a rational approach to a solvable problem) tends to throw his thesis into disrepute because he wants - in fact he needs - to believe in his future vision. He's trying to prove the result he desires.

Ray's perspective on technology growth and convergence should probably not be ignored however. The man has been doing this stuff for a long time. He has a fair amount of compelling insight into some of the challenges, benefits, and potential risks of these emerging technologies. He advises to a number of different government and private bodies that keep their eyes on things like AI research and nanotech development. His book presents an interesting glimpse at a possible future from a guy who invests a lot of his (considerable) brain power to anticipating that future.

The book's main problem, in my opinion, is that Ray is just too damn logical. He presents his arguments as 'If A then B, if B then C, if C then D - therefore-we-will-gobble-up-all-spacetime-as-hyperintelligent-nanodust-within-200-years'. He spends much of the book deflecting counterpoints, and does admirably well, but still it seems to just be too logical. He presents his material as though his vision of the future is inevitable - indeed, as though his logic is an irrefutable proof. Being so logical - he could preface the book by admitting that since so little of the problem is actually knowable, that there exists a near to 100% chance that he is grossly incorrect in at least one place and that very possibly that one error cold cause a cascading failure down his entire chain of reasoning, making everything else wrong. I expect he would strongly refute that idea - and he could probably refute it very effectively because he knows a lot more about chaos theory than I do.

I admit that his vision of the future is pretty strange, but it's also pretty cool. It's not as cool as the future I hoped for as a kid, but it'll do. And in any case, his future would not prevent me from living in my ideal one, since I could simply create that world for myself to live in with the computing power inherent in a mere kilogram of matter... I hope the rest of you won't mind if I keep a single kilogram out of the entire universe to create a pocket universe where I can zip around in a flight jacket with my jet-pack and raygun doing battle against chaotic evil Martians.